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心血管相关——TGF-β信号通路

发布时间:2023-02-16 01:43:00

转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)信号通路在成熟有机体和发育中的胚胎中都参与了许多细胞过程,这些过程包括细胞生长,细胞分化、细胞凋亡、细胞动态平衡等其他细胞功能。尽管TGF-β调控许多细胞过程,这些过程相对来说都比较简单。TGF-β类配体与II型受体结合,II型受体招募并磷酸化I型受体,I型受体在磷酸化受体调控的SMAD蛋白(R-SMAD),这些蛋白再与coSMAD结合。R-SMAD/coSMAD复合体作为转录因子在细胞核内聚集,参与目标基因表达的调控。

1.Smad信号转导

Smad蛋白是TGF-β家族受体下游的信号转导分子。在哺乳动物中有八个Smad,Smad1~Smad8。根据在TGF-β信号转导中的功能差异,他们被分为三类:(1)受体调控的Smad(receptor-regulatedSmad,R-Smad1/2/3/5/8):和其它与许多激酶-底物反应一样,TGF-βI型受体对R-Smad的磷酸化需要它们的直接结合。R-Smad C末端SXS基序(X指代M或V)中的丝氨酸能直接被TGF-β I型受体磷酸化而导致R-Smad活化,其中Smad2/3被TGF-β/activin/nodal亚家族的I型受体ALK4/5/7磷酸化,而Smad1/5/8则主要被BMP/GDF/AMH亚家族的ALK2/3/6和ALK1磷酸化。(2)通用Smad(common Smad,Co-Smad-Smad4):磷酸化的R-Smad与Co-Smad/Smad4聚合并继续传递信号。R-Smad与Smad4的聚合主要以异源三聚体的形式存在,并以二聚体的形式发挥作用,这可能与基因启动子区的结构有关。最终导致R-Smad-Smad4复合物在细胞核内的积累并调控靶基因转录。(3)抑制型Smad(inhibitorySmad,I-Smad -Smad6/7):抑制型Smad主要起抑制信号转导的作用。I-Smad(包括Smad6和Smad7)是TGF-β信号的关键负调控因子;它们本身是TGF-β/BMP的靶基因,因此形成负反馈的调控模式。Smad7是TGF-β家族的广谱抑制蛋白,而Smad6更特异性的抑制BMP信号,尤其是ALK3/6介导的信号。

2.非Smad信号转导通路

很早以前科学家们就发现TGF-β/BMP细胞因子能在多种细胞中激活一些非Smad信号分子。比如TGF-β活化的TGF-β RI通过磷酸化ShcA而诱导形成ShcA/Grb2/Sos复合物,并进一步通过Ras-Raf-MEK通路激活ERK MAPK;TGF-β受体诱导TRAF6催化TAK1发生K63连接的多聚泛素化修饰,然后通过MKK激活JNK和p38 MAPK;BMP也能通过TAK1/TAB激活MAPK通路。TGF-β还能诱导其受体与PI3K的调节亚基p85结合,激活PI3K及其下游的Akt或者PAK2激酶;非受体酪氨酸激酶FAK能与p85结合并控制Akt/PAK2的活化。此外,TGF-β能调控RhoA、LIMK1/2、PP2A、eEF1A1等信号分子活性。TGF-β诱导的非Smad通路通常依赖于不同的生理/环境条件和细胞类型,并与Smad通路一起介导TGF-β诱导的生物学反应,比如上皮细胞-间充质细胞转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)、肿瘤细胞的迁移与侵袭、成纤维细胞的增殖与形态改变,以及组织纤维化等。

3.TGF-β诱导的非Smad通路

TGF-β诱导的非Smad通路能够对Smad信号进行调控。ERK、JNK和p38 MAPK能够磷酸化R-Smad和Smad4,尤其是它们的linker区。这种磷酸化既可能促进,也可能抑制Smad的活性,这依赖于细胞类型以及细胞所处的生理环境。Akt直接结合Smad3并抑制它被受体的磷酸化、入核转运和转录活性。

靶标 产品货号 产品名称 反应种属 应用
AKT1 db1672 AKT1 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db15719 AKT1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db3626 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, IHC, ICC/IF
db20221 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser124) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IP
db20482 Phospho-AKT1 (Thr450) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,IP
db8405 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser129) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db1727 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF
db11063 Phospho-AKT1 (Thr450) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,IP
db14851 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF
db13907 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser129) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db12718 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser124) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IP
db11197 Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, IHC, ICC/IF
ATF2 db7901 ATF2 Rabbit pAb Human WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP
db9930 ATF2 Rabbit pAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC,FC,IP
db13059 ATF2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC,FC,IP
db12625 ATF2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP
db2397 Phospho-ATF2 (Thr71) Rabbit pAb Human,Mouse WB,ICC/IF,IP
db11934 Phospho-ATF2 (Thr71) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human,Mouse WB, ICC/IF, IP
ERK1/2 db758 ERK1/2 Rabbit pAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db6570 ERK1/2 (1B4) Mouse mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC-P
db6122 ERK1/2 (4A4) Mouse mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB
db6298 ERK1/2 (4F3) Mouse mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB
db6621 ERK1/2 (9A4) Mouse mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC-P
db11649 ERK1/2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db269 Phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Thr185) Rabbit pAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP
db1066 Phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Thr185) Rabbit pAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP
db6548 Phospho-ERK1/2 (Tyr222/Tyr205) (1H4) Mouse mAb Human,Mouse,Rat IHC-P
db6576 Phospho-ERK1/2 (Tyr222/Tyr205) (10C8) Mouse mAb Human,Mouse,Rat IHC-P
db14364 Phospho-ERK1/2(Thr202/Thr185) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP
db13437 Phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Thr185) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human,Mouse,Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP
FGF1 db8467 FGF1 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db1519 FGF1 Rabbit pAb Human, Rat WB,IHC
db14936 FGF1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db15749 FGF1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Rat WB,IHC
JNK db8572 JNK1 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db58 JNK1 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db6223 JNK1 (1A4) Mouse mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF
db13511 JNK1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db12544 JNK1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db20141 Phospho-JNK1 (Thr183/Tyr185) Rabbit pAb Human WB,IP
db11220 Phospho-JNK1 (Thr183/Tyr185) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human WB,IP
MAP2K6 db6294 MAP2K6 (8A11) Mouse mAb Human,Rat WB,IP
p38 MAPK db387 p38 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db20336 p38 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db3666 p38 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF
db6586 p38 (6F5) Mouse mAb Human, Rat, Mouse IHC-P
db6168 p38 (5A1) Mouse mAb Human, Mouse, Rat, Monkey WB
db14381 p38 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF
db13080 p38 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db15981 p38 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db5672 Phospho-p38 (Thr180) Rabbit pAb Human WB,FC
db18 Phospho-p38 (Thr180/Tyr182) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse WB
db14139 Phospho-p38 (Thr180) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human WB,FC
db12597 Phospho-p38 (Thr180/Tyr182) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse WB
RHOA db76 RhoA Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC
db16061 RhoA Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC
         
靶点 产品货号 产品名称 反应种属 应用
PP2A db3342 PP2A alpha/beta Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db1977 PP2A alpha/beta Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db13474 PP2A alpha/beta Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db12340 PP2A alpha/beta Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
RAF1 db4640 Raf1 Rabbit pAb Human WB,IHC,ICC/IF
db12651 Raf1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human WB,IHC,ICC/IF
db24819 Phospho-RAF1 (Ser43) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db2779 Phospho-Raf1 (Ser259) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC
db11413 Phospho-RAF1 (Ser43) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db12158 Phospho-Raf1 (Ser259) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, IHC
SMAD1 db967 Smad1 Rabbit pAb Human WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC
db15828 Smad1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC
db20386 Phospho-Smad1 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse WB,IP
db4962 Phospho-Smad1 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse WB,ICC/IF,IP
db14871 Phospho-Smad1 (Ser463/Ser465) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse WB,IP
db13936 Phospho-Smad1 (Ser463/Ser465) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse WB,ICC/IF,IP
  db3650 Smad2 Rabbit pAb Human, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db2071 Smad2 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC
db6171 Smad2 (6H5) Mouse mAb Human, Mouse WB,ICC/IF
db15633 Smad2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC
db11807 Smad2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db20289 Phospho-Smad2 (Ser250) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,FC
db2401 Phospho-Smad2 (Ser255) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,IP
db24826 Phospho-Smad2 (Thr8)/Smad3 (Thr8) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,IP
db11942 Phospho-Smad2 (Ser255) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, IHC, IP
db11432 Phospho-Smad2 (Ser250) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, FC
SMAD3 db8795 Smad3 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IP
db1007 Smad3 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC
db6613 Smad3 (4H4) Mouse mAb Human, Rat, Mouse WB,IHC-P
db11519 Smad3 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC
db13313 Smad3 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IP
db6578 Phospho-Smad3 (Ser425) (7H6) Mouse mAb Human, Rat, Mouse IHC-P
db1169 Phospho-Smad3 (Ser423/Ser425) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse WB,IHC,ICC/IF
db13792 Phospho-Smad3 (Ser423/Ser425) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse WB,IHC,ICC/IF
SMAD4 db5616 Smad4 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, IHC
db8761 Smad4 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db14376 Smad4 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP
db30179 SMAD4 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human IHC
db12494 Smad4 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, IHC
SMAD5 db8393 Smad5 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC
db6059 Smad5 (4B10) Mouse mAb Human WB,ICC/IF,FC
db11228 Smad5 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB, IHC, ICC/IF, FC
db20992 Phospho-Smad5 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb Human WB,ICC/IF
db599 Phospho-Smad5 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC
db14109 Phospho-SMAD5 (Ser463/Ser465) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC
db12682 Phospho-SMAD5 (Ser463/Ser465) Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human WB,ICC/IF
TGF-beta 1 db4124 TGF beta 1 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC
db1315 TGF beta 1 Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db6572 TGF beta 1 (8F6) Mouse mAb Human, Rat, Mouse WB,IHC-P
db6543 TGF beta 1 (4C1) Mouse mAb Human, Rat, Mouse IHC-P
db6541 TGF beta 1 (7C9) Mouse mAb Mouse, Rat IHC-P
db13117 TGF beta 1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db15107 TGF beta 1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB,IHC
XIAP db5527 XIAP Rabbit pAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB
db11787 XIAP Recombinant Rabbit mAb Human, Mouse, Rat WB

 

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